Studia Humanitatis

В статье рассматриваются функции юмора в песнях бардов России и Польши. Авторы анализируют песни и стихи двух выдающихся авторов: Булата Окуджавы и Яцека Качмарского с явным юмором (ирония, оксюморон и сатира) и использует методы структурного, содержательного и функционального анализа. Во второй половине XX века бардовская песня в России и Польше была средством самовыражения и широко использовала юмор и иронию в качестве критического инструмента и понятного призыва к социальным изменениям. Взяв этот феномен за отправную точку, авторы провели анализ социокультурных механизмов взаимопонимания и обнаружили связующий эффект юмора для аудитории. Авторы утверждают, что смех бардовских песен разрушает иерархические социальные структуры и барьеры между людьми, ведя к интеллектуальному и эмоциональному единению. Кроме того, в статье четко прослеживаются две доминирующие функции юмора в песнях и стихах Окуджавы и Качмарского: интегрирующая и дифференцирующая. Первая усиливает стремление обоих поэтов добиться взаимопонимания между слушателями и способствует социальному единению. Вторая функция дифференцирующая, она служит способом разделения и противопоставления тех групп, которые выработали иное мировоззрение, основанное на других ценностях. Обе функции юмора в песнях бардов формируют мировоззрение, усиливают рефлексию и ставят под сомнение окружающий социальный порядок.

Environmental development in Indonesia is based on the principle of sustainable development, where the environment is maintained for the benefit of present and future generations. The Indonesian economy growth for the welfare of citizens affects the environment, while economic development inevitably affects changes in natural and environmental conditions. Changes in natural and environmental conditions must be regulated through laws and legal acts, so that they can be utilized for the welfare of citizens without damaging the ecology. This study uses normative legal research, namely analyzing Law No 32 of 2009 on “Environmental Protection and Management”. Legal guarantees from the government are particularly important to prevent ecological damage due to the excessive exploitation of Indonesia’s natural resources, which negatively affects the environment. Therefore, the efforts made by the government to reduce ecological risks with sustainable environmental development policies are the best solution to this problem.

For generations the city-state of Novgorod and later Novgorod Republic were perceived as one of the most successful democratic experiments on Russian soil ever. In recent decades, however, this interpretation has been questioned several times. It could therefore be tempting to completely ignore this fact. However, it will hardly be reasonable partly because the idea of the democratic Novgorod has played a major role in Russian history, and partly because the results of modern research have emerged in opposition to the previously common view. The notions of the democratic Novgorod are based on an image of the city as a quite enterprising business city with peasants, artisans and merchants. Also to this must be added a class of rich boyars. All were they free men who took an active part in the political and social life of the city. This article analyses and studies the socio-political structure of Novgorod and later Novgorod Republic; conclusions are drawn why this structure is questioned in modern history science.

The paper discusses Pope John Paul II’s work “Theology of the Body”. This doctrine of the Holy Father is an adequate anthropology in which the human body reveals God. “Theology of the Body” examines man and woman before the Fall, after it and at the resurrection of the dead. The author has made an attempt to analyse how the Holy Father wrote on the equality of men and women, and so confirmed their parity as persons in religion. Contemporary discourse on femininity has sought to emphasize the importance of the woman’s role in societal and family life. This discourse risks overlooking the man’s role, however, and disregarding the beauty of the woman’s part in a relationship. In “Theology of the Body” Pope John Paul II explained how the man and woman together create a community, which reflects the image of God within itself.